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The foreign relations of Taiwan, constitutionally and officially the Republic of China (ROC), are the relations between the Republic of China and other countries. The Republic of China is recognized by 21 United Nations member states, as well as by the Holy See. The ROC maintains diplomatic relations with those countries, as well as unofficial relations with other countries via its representative offices and consulates. The Republic of China participated in the Moscow Conference (1943), the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and was a charter member of the United Nations. In 1949, the Nationalists lost the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and retreated to Taiwan. Despite the major loss of territory, the ROC continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China by the UN and by many non-Communist states. In 1971, the UN expelled the ROC and transferred China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC). In addition to the ''ad tempus'' recognition of ROC by majority of countries before UN Resolution 2758, the Republic of China lost its membership in all the intergovernmental organizations related to the UN. As the UN and related organizations like International Court of Justice are the most common venues for effective execution of international law and serve as the international community for states in the post-World War II period, a majority of the countries aligned with the West in the Cold War terminated diplomatic relations with the ROC and recognized quid pro quo of the PRC instead. However, the Republic of China fulfills all the requirements in Article 3, 4, 5, 6, 110 and Chapter V of the United Nations Charter. The ROC's ''de jure'' seat is currently occupied by the People's Republic of China in the United Nations under the UN Charter (for more, see Chapter II of the United Nations Charter). The ROC continues to maintain ''de facto'' relations, including with most of the non-governmental organizations at the United Nations, in addition with the ''concern'' from UNESCO. Exclusively, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which is entitled by the founding of the United Nations as the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the Vienna Congress, was signed and ratified by the Republic of China on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969 including Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.〔http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf〕 Article 35th of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties also applies to ROC after 1971.〔https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-I-18232-English.pdf〕 Due to ROC's insecurity and intolerance in the 1970s and 1980s after being expelled by the UN and the termination of official US-ROC diplomatic relations, but by the American persuasion〔https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf〕 (when influential James R. Lilley was the Director of American Institute in Taiwan at the time) Taiwan has been gradually democratized and adopting universal suffrage from the one party-military rule under the leadership of President Chiang Ching-kuo. The first direct presidential election was held in 1996 and the incumbent President Lee Teng-hui was elected. As of May Fourth 2015, ROC nationals are eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ROC nationals now eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas - News and Events - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網英文網 )〕 In the context of Superpower and influential diplomacy, ROC's traditional and sober allies includes United States of America, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.〔http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568〕 The ROC is one of the main supporters of official development assistance. International Cooperation and Development Fund manages ROC's Foreign Assistance and International Cooperation projects.〔http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5293&CtNode=29880&mp=2〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) )〕 As of 2010, along with other US security allies including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea in the Asia-Pacific region with Taiwan Relations Act, officials of the ROC have gained quasi-official level visits to the United States both in the governmental and political level, including the US-Taiwan cooperative military guidance in the annual Han Kuang joint-force exercises. The Common Strategic Objectives of Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee of 2005 and 2011 (and reiterated in 2013) included to encourage the peaceful resolution of issues concerning the Taiwan Strait through dialogue and encourage China’s responsible and constructive role in regional stability and prosperity, its cooperation on global issues, and its adherence to international norms of behavior, while building trust among the United States, Japan, and China. Improve openness and transparency with respect to China’s military modernization and activities and, strengthen confidence building measures, with China's rapid expanding military investments.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=MOFA: JOINT STATEMENT U.S.-JAPAN SECURITY CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee: Toward a More Robust Alliance and Greater Shared Responsibilities )〕 Taiwan's GDP by nominal means is ahead of several G20 economies of global financial governance. In the context of international norm of ''tabula rasa'', there is a variety of forms for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ROC as a ''de facto state'' in readiness to join the international community, and (if applicable) as a ''sui generis'' entity of international law abiding by the reference of Ex factis jus oritur 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Status of the De Facto State in Public International Law )〕 principle and ''a priori'' and ''a posteriori'' of the Republic of China, to participate in the international organizations as defined by the international organizational norms and (Union of International Associations ).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=9800 International Organization )〕 ==Historical background== Taiwan was annexed from China by Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. In the Northern Expedition, the Nationalists defeated the warlords of the Beiyang clique and established a unified government for China in Nanjing. The United States recognized Nationalist China on 25 July 1928, the first government to do so.〔''(China White Paper: August 1949 )'', p. 12.〕 The Japanese occupied much of China during World War II. After Japan's defeat in 1945, a civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists followed. The Communists gained control of the mainland in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic of China, while the Nationalists fled to Taiwan. In 1952, Taiwan was ceded by Japan in the Treaty of San Francisco. In 1916, A.P. Winston, the author of ''Chinese Finance under the Republic'', said, "chief sources of information on those matters of discussion which have been subjects of diplomacy" were official publications from the United Kingdom.〔Winston, p. (739 ).〕 Winston explained that few official reports from the Chinese government aside from the maritime customs sector had appeared at that point, and that the government of the Republic of China was "too poor, perhaps still too secretive, to make regular and full publication of statistics."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Foreign relations of Taiwan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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